Politics
Challenges of Political Polarization and Legislative Gridlock in Europe: An Analysis of Germany, France, Italy, and Spain.
Political polarization in Europe has intensified since 2008, causing social and economic conflicts in France, Germany, Italy, and Spain. Countries like France, Germany, and Spain are struggling to govern, while Italy maintains governability thanks to electoral reforms. Measuring this polarization and its legislative impact is essential to anticipate risks and adapt policies.
August 12, 2025