Environment
Normative Responses in the Iberian Peninsula after the Energy Crisis
Portugal and Spain responded to the 2022 European energy crisis with domestic and EU policies, including an Iberian mechanism to cap gas prices, sanctions on Russia, and the deployment of renewables. The Iberian Peninsula benefited from liquefied natural gas imports and social acceptance of the energy transition, although the lack of interconnections with Europe limited its contribution to energy security.
September 23, 2025