Russian military thinkers use non-military and indirect military measures, such as disinformation and cyberattacks, to achieve strategic objectives and prepare the battlefield. Europe must better understand Russian thinking, share information, reduce the grey area and innovate to counter these activities. Western policies, although with efforts from the EU and NATO, remain defensive and reactive.
The President of the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Odile Renaud-Basso, highlighted international cooperation, private sector development, good economic governance, environmental sustainability, and the need to mobilize private investors to strengthen infrastructure and human capital. During the annual meeting of the World Bank and the IMF, the adaptation of financial institutions to current challenges was discussed, promoting labour inclusion, institutional transparency and green investments, as well as collaboration between development banks to simplify processes.
The article presents a new set of data on US Foreign Military Sales since 2008, analyzing global trends in volumes and types of equipment, highlighting purchasing countries, specific equipment, financial values, associated contractors, and additional services. The FMS program is explored as the primary instrument for transferring military equipment abroad. Military sales in Europe, the Middle East, Asia, the Americas, and Africa are examined, detailing the sale of high-value equipment.
In Guinea, the Doumbouya junta convicted Camara for the 2009 massacre and granted him electoral amnesty. The military leaders of Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger announced their withdrawal from the CPI. Camara, elected president in 2010, failed to bring the perpetrators to justice. The new military junta committed to restoring a civilian government in 3 years, and in 2024, Camara and others were convicted of crimes against humanity.
The integration of the EU’s capital markets is hindered by unreformed pension systems, which face unfunded high debts. Reforming these systems is crucial for the long-term fiscal solvency of EU countries. The lack of harmonization in pension systems prevents the integration of capital markets and highlights the importance of pension funds in the development of financial markets.
